Psoriasis represents chronic inflammatory skin condition with complex pathophysiology and significant genetic background. This disease is characterized by erythematous, scaling lesions that exhibit variable patterns and distribution, as well as different clinical phenotypes. Psoriasis can significantly influence the quality of life and usually requires lifetime control.

Although Hippocrates described scaling diseases of the skin under heading ‘lopoi’, the first clinical description of psoriasis is attributed to Aurelius Celsus who mentioned this disease in his work De re medica. Still, the term ‘psoriasis’ was first used by a well-known Greek physician Galen, who derived it from the Greek word ‘psora’ which means itch.

According to recent estimates, psoriasis affects 2-3% of the world’s population, which is approximately 125 million people. Despite these staggering numbers, its incidence rate (i.e. number of cases of disease per unit of time) remains low, with a rate of roughly 60 new cases per 100 thousand people per year.

Pathogenesis of the disease

A complex interplay between genetic factors and immunology culminates in the specific clinical and histological features of psoriasis. In predisposed individuals, thus-far unknown antigens trigger an insidious, self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and subsequent epidermal hyperproliferation. Constituents of both innate and adaptive immune systems instigate and coordinate this process.

The time required for psoriatic epidermal cells to travel from basal cell layer to the surface and to be cast off is 3-4 days, compared to a normal period of 26-28 days. The exact mechanism underlying such rapid increase in epidermal transit time is still a matter of debate, although it is often attributed to a shortened cell cycle time or recruitment of the resting cells in the active cycle.

A release of signaling proteins or cytokines stimulate an assembly of inflammatory gene products within the keratinocytes, inviting more immune cells into the skin and perpetuating the inflammatory milieu even more. This often results in unspecific histology of psoriasis, which can mimic a plethora of other dermatoses, as well as fungal infections.

Clinical and diagnostic features

Psoriasis is characterized by well-circumscribed, sharply demarcated erythematous papules and plaques. They are covered with brittle, dry, silvery or greyish white, loosely adherent scales. Occasionally a white blanching ring can be seen around psoriatic lesions, which is also known as Woronoff’s ring. The most commonly affected locations are elbows, knees, umbilicus, scalp, and lumbar area.

Chronic plaque psoriasis represents the main type of psoriasis, and is found in approximately 90% of cases. Other characteristic forms comprise erythrodermic psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, palmoplantar psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, and both localized and generalized pustular psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis is a special type of arthritis associated with psoriatic skin lesions that involves peripheral and sacroiliac joints, the axial skeleton, entheses and nails.

Two phenomena are described which are highly specific for psoriasis. A removal of scales leads to pinpoint hemorrhages throughout the lesions, which is known as Auspitz sign and corresponds to damage of dilated vessels in the superficial dermis. On the other hand, Koebner phenomenon represents the development of skin lesions in areas of trauma.

Treatment options

There is a wide variety of different treatment options for psoriasis, thus it is integral for patients and physicians alike to work together in building appropriate approach. As patient adherence to treatment can influence the efficiency of a particular therapy, every patient should be involved in decision-making from the start. The specific treatment varies according to the location, severity, clinical variants and duration of the disease.

Topical agents such as vitamin D analogues, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, tazarotene, anthralin, coal tar and salicylic acid have all demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis. Special attention should be given to the duration and dose of topical corticosteroids due to the risk of local and systemic side effects.

The most cost-effective approach for extensive generalized disease is ultraviolet phototherapy. Systemic agents that include methotrexate, acitretin and cyclosporine can also be used in such cases, whereas biologic agents (such as infliximab, adalimumab, alefacept and etanercept) hold promise for the management of refractive disease.