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Urodynamic tests are used to examine the function of the bladder, sphincters and urethra to store and release urine. There are various types of tests that may be needed, depending on the specific case at hand. These include simple observation tests, as well as complex examinations with specialized equipment.
Uroflowmetry measures the rate and volume of the urine flow, using a specialized device that catches the urine and record the data in a computer.
The patient is asked to urinate in a private area into a toilet with a container to collect and measure the urine. The device automatically graphs the urine flow rate each second, providing valuable information about the highest flow rate and how long it takes to reach this. The results of the uroflowmetry test reflect the strength of the bladder muscles and indicate if there is any blockage to the urine flow.
Alternatively, a crude method to measure the urine flow is sometimes used, which involves recording the time it takes to urinate into a container that can weigh the urine.
The post-void residual volume test measures the amount of urine that remains in the bladder after urination. This is usually measured with ultrasound equipment that is able to view the bladder and the liquid inside. This test may be performed in a variety of setting, for the general practitioner’s offer, a hospital or radiology clinic, provided that the ultrasound equipment and a specialist to read the results are available.
Alternatively, a catheter may also be used to measure the post-void residual volume. This involves the insertion of a thin, flexible tube into through the urethra and into the bladder, to remove the remaining urine. Local anesthesia is usually required for this procedure.
A healthy individual should have a post-void residual volume less than 100 milliliters, indicating that the bladder is able to empty almost completely.
The cystometric test is used to measure the volume of the bladder, the pressure inside the bladder and the volume when the urge to urinate initiates.
The test involves a catheter to empty the bladder and the placement of a small catheter with a manometer to measure the pressure of the bladder inside. After the complete emptying of the bladder, it is slowly refilled with warm water and the patient is instructed to note when the urge to urinate begins, at which point the volume and pressure are recorded.
The leak point pressure test is used to determine the pressure of the bladder when it leaks due to the sudden contraction of the bladder muscles. Similarly to the cystometric test, it involves the insertion of a manometer into the bladder to measure the pressure and gain information about the function of the bladder.
The pressure flow study test is used to measure the pressure of the bladder when urinating, which is useful to identify a blockage in the renal tract. This involves a manometer to record the pressure a flow rate as the patient relieves himself or herself, following a cystometric test.
Electromyography is used to measure the electrical activity in the neck of the bladder and tightness of the urethra. It involves specialized sensors to measure the activity of the muscles, nerves and sphincters, which is useful when nerve or muscular damage is a likely cause of the urinary symptoms.
Video urodynamic tests use visual recording mechanisms to monitor the filling and emptying of the bladder. This may include imaging techniques such as x-ray or ultrasound scans.