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The diagnosis of sarcoidosis can be difficult due to the variable presentation of patients and the varied location of the causative nodules.
In most cases, diagnosis is made based on a comprehensive medical and family history, followed by a physical examination and various tests. As there are some other health conditions with similar symptoms, a differential diagnosis to confirm it is sarcoidosis is often necessary.
As the condition is likely to be linked to genetic factors that can be inherited, it is essential to establish if there is a family history of sarcoidosis. In addition to this, specific factors about the lifestyle of the individual may increase their risk of the condition. These include:
This information is important to determine the cause of the symptoms. Both beryllium metal and dust can cause inflammation in the lungs and symptoms similar to that of sarcoidosis, but are indicative of other health conditions in reality.
Following the medical history, a physical examination is required to check for evidence of nodules. Any evident lesions should be examined directly and signs of sarcoidosis should be sought, such as:
A chest X-ray can be very useful to visualize the heart and the lungs and any nodules granulomas that may be affecting these organs. It can also help to detect enlarged lymph nodes.
As the vast majority of patients with sarcoidosis (more than 90%) have abnormal chest X-rays, this test is particularly useful in the diagnosis of the condition.
When sarcoidosis is suspected, the diagnosis should be confirmed by way of a biopsy. This involves the collection of a small tissue sample from an affected organ. Depending on the individual patient, the location of the biopsy tissue can vary, although it is most often from the skin or lymph nodes.
For a lung biopsy, a bronchoscopy utilises a thin tube with a camera is threaded down the throat and into the respiratory organs. A small tissue sample can then also be taken with the same instrument for testing, known as a biopsy.
There are several other tests that may then be called for to further categorise the condition and determine which organs are most affected. These tests are particularly beneficial in understanding the extent of the nodule growth and the appropriate management plan.