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Most people with asthma need two kinds of medicines:
1. Quick-relief medicines, to be taken when you need them, for immediate relief of your symptoms, and
2. Long-term control medicines, to be taken daily, for a long time, to stop and control the inflammation in your airways and thereby prevent symptoms and attacks.
Everyone with asthma needs a quick-relief or rescue medicine to stop asthma symptoms before they get worse. An inhaled short-acting beta2-agonist is the preferred quick-relief medicine. It acts quickly to relax tightened muscles around your airways so that your airways can open up and allow more air to flow through.
You should take your quick-relief medicine at the first sign of any asthma symptoms. Your doctor may recommend that you take this medicine at other times, as well-for example, before exercise.
Quick-relief medicines are very good at stopping asthma symptoms, but they do nothing to control the inflammation in your airways that produces these symptoms. If you need to use more quick-relief medicine than usual or if you need to use it every day, it may be a sign that you also need to take a long-term control medicine to reduce the inflammation in your airways. Discuss this with your doctor as soon as possible.
Long-term control medicines are used to prevent asthma symptoms from coming on in the first place. These medicines work more slowly than quick-relief medicines, and you may need to take them for several weeks before you feel their effects. Once your asthma is under control, you may be able to cut back on some of these medicines.
The most effective long-term control medicines are anti-inflammatory medicines. They reduce the inflammation in your airways, making the airways less irritable and less likely to react to your asthma triggers.
Anti-inflammatory medicines are usually most effective when you take them every day, even when you don't have any symptoms.
The most effective anti-inflammatory medicines for most people are inhaled corticosteroids.
Some people don't like the idea of taking steroids. But the inhaled corticosteroids used to treat asthma have been studied over the years in large groups of adults and children as young as 2 years old and have been found to be generally safe when taken as directed by your doctor.
They also are very different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. They are not habit-forming-even if you take them every day for many years. And, because they are inhaled, the medicine goes right to your lungs where it is needed.
Like many other medicines, inhaled corticosteroids can have side effects. But most doctors agree that the benefits of taking them and preventing attacks far outweigh the risks of side effects..
Take inhaled corticosteroids as your doctor prescribes and use a spacer or holding chamber with your inhaler to make sure the medicine goes directly to your lungs. It's also a good idea to rinse your mouth out with water after taking these medicines.
Other long-term control medicines available to treat asthma include:
Inhalers
Many asthma medicines-both quick-relief and long-term control medicines-come as sprays and powders in an inhaler. An inhaler is a hand-held device that delivers the medication right to the airways in your lungs where it is needed. There are several kinds of inhalers.
The metered dose inhaler (MDI) is a small canister that delivers a measured dose of medicine through your mouth to your airways. Some MDIs use a chemical to push the medicine out of the inhaler. Inhalers that use the chemical chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) are gradually being replaced.
Other types of inhalers include:
It is important for you to learn how to use your inhaler correctly. Read the instructions that come with it. Also ask your health care provider or pharmacist to show you how to use it. Then try it yourself and ask him or her to make sure you are using it the right way.
Spacers
A spacer or holding chamber can make using an MDI a lot easier. It is an especially good idea to use a spacer with corticosteroid MDIs as it decreases the amount of medicine that lands on your tongue or in the back of your mouth. This reduces irritation to your throat and increases the amount of medicine that gets down into your lungs where it belongs.
There are many kinds of spacers. Some have a mouth piece. Some have a face mask that comes in different sizes to fit both children and adults.
Many spacers fit on the end of an inhaler; for some, the canister of medication fits into the device. Some MDIs come with builtin spacers.
Spacers are not needed for dry powder devices.
Most spacers also come with instructions on how to use them. It's important to ask your health care provider to show you how to use a spacer with your MDI. Then try it yourself and ask him or her to make sure you're doing it correctly.
Nebulizers
A nebulizer is another device that makes it easier to take inhaled medicines. It provides the medicine in a fine mist, rather than a spray. Using a nebulizer is usually easy; you simply breathe in and out normally through a mask or mouthpiece connected to the nebulizer. But it takes more time to use than an inhaler. It also is more expensive and requires more maintenance. Instructions for using different nebulizers vary, so follow the instructions on the package insert.
Nebulized asthma medication may be especially useful for infants, young children, and adults who have trouble using an inhaler.
Regardless of which of these devices you use, you have to use them the right way, or you won't get all the medicine into your lungs.
The best way to learn to use these devices correctly is to ask your doctor or a nurse, pharmacist, or respiratory therapist to show you how. Then demonstrate it back to him or her to make sure you have it right.
Doctors usually decide which medicines and how much of each to prescribe, based on your lung function and your pattern of symptoms-how many days and nights you have them, as shown on the chart below. Usually, if you have symptoms no more than 2 days a week or 2 nights a month, they will consider your asthma to be mild and intermittent and prescribe only quick-relief medicines to be used when you have symptoms.
If you have more frequent symptoms, you probably need daily long-term control medicines to prevent symptoms. It may take several visits before the doctor finds exactly the right medicines and doses for you.
| Days With Symptoms | Nights With Symptoms | |
| Intermittent asthma | No more than 2 days each week | No more than 2 nights each month |
| Mild persistent asthma | 3 days or more a week but no more than one bout of symptoms on any 1 day | 3 nights or more a month |
| Moderate persistent asthma | Every day | More than 1 night a week |
| Severe persistent asthma | Throughout the day every day | Often |
Now that you know more about asthma medicines and what they do, ask your doctor to write on your asthma action plan:
Other measures for treating asthma include:
Avoiding the things that bring on your asthma symptoms-your asthma triggers-is another important part of your asthma action plan.
Some of the most common things that bring on asthma symptoms are allergens, irritants, viral infections, and exercise.
Allergens are substances that can cause you to have an allergic reaction. That is, in some people, the immune system sees them as "foreign" or "dangerous" and reacts in an exaggerated way to protect the body against them.
Some of the most common allergens for people with asthma are:
Irritants are things in the environment that may irritate your lungs. Some of the most common lung irritants are:
Other things that bring on asthma symptoms in some people include:
This is not a complete list of all the things that can bring on your asthma symptoms. It is important for you to learn what causes problems for you.