Nails are unique structures formed of keratin, just like hair and the superficial skin layers. However, they are able to protect the sensitive tips of the fingers from accidental trauma. They are formed by the layer of germinal tissue called the nail matrix.

This is at the very base of the nail, hidden under the skin fold which lies just below the proximal side of the nail. The nail matrix is part of the nail bed which supports and nourishes the nail plate. The nail folds hold the nail in position and also anchor it to the skin, forming the cuticle. This prevents microbial organisms from entering the nail bed, and also keeps moisture out.

Nail diseases vary in etiology and morphology. The most common types are presented below.

Nail Discoloration

The normal nail is pale pink in color. The end of the nail that grows off the finger is white because it has no connection with the vascular nail bed which supports the rest of the nail plate. Nails can become discolored because of:

• Smoking tobacco
• The use of dyes such as those used for hair
• Certain medications including some chemotherapy drugs
• Infections of the nail bed
• Injury to the nail bed
• Subungual melanomas
• Silver toxicity, quinacrine toxicity and Wilson’s disease – the nails become bluish
• Several systemic illnesses including liver disease – the nails become white
• Renal failure – the nails become half-and-half

Bacterial Paronychia

This is a condition caused by bacterial infection of the nail fold. It is more common in those who always have their hands in contact with moisture, who bite their nails or incorrectly manicure their nails, or are prone to eczematous conditions or small injuries of the fingers.

Paronychia, swollen finger with fingernail bed inflammation due to bacterial infection on a toddlers hand. Image Copyright: zlikovec / Shutterstock

Chronic Paronychia

Here the nail fold is thickened, tender and mildly reddened. It is due to a mix of factors such as chemical irritation, allergy and moist conditions, all of which predispose to chronic fungal infection as well. The nail becomes distorted in many such cases with accompanying discoloration.

Traumatic Changes to the Nail

The nail may become injured, leading to:

• Lifting of the nail by a subungual hematoma
• Loss of the nail plate if the injury is too severe
• Ridging of the nail or nail deformities if the nail matrix is traumatized

Elevation of the Nail Plate (Onycholysis)

The nail can be lifted off the underlying nail plate by infection or trauma, and appears yellowish or white. This includes:

• Picking under the fingernails too far
• Pus formation under the nail plate
• Some fungal infections
• Psoriasis
• Certain systemic conditions such as bronchiectasis, thyroid disorders, anemia or some autoimmune diseases

Ingrown Nails

This condition is characterized by nails growing into the skin at the sides of the nail. This causes pain and may predispose to infection. It is more common if the nail curves inwards too sharply, or if the nails are not trimmed correctly (straight across, or, in the case of fingernails, with a gentle curve). Trauma or tight footwear may also cause this condition.

Ingrown toenail - Image Copyright: Adam J / Shutterstock, Inc

Nail Thickening

Thickening of the toenails is a normal age-related change, but abnormal thickening is also possible. This includes:

• Injury
• Fungal infection
• Ischemic circulation
• Arthritis
• Abnormal gait
• Tight shoes
• Psoriasis

Nail Ridges

Longitudinal ridges running down the nail may occur in several systemic conditions, such as:

• Severe anemia or malnutrition
• Aging
• Trauma
• Illness
• Eczema
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Lichen planus

Nail Splitting

The nail may flake into layers as it grows, due to:

• Constant application and removal of nail polish
• Hands in constant exposure to water
• Overuse of the fingernails

Nail Deformities

The nail may be deformed if it is subject to trauma or fungal infection. The nail bed injury forces the nail to grow in an abnormal way. Other abnormalities of nail shape include:

• Pincer nails which are curved transversely so much that they appear like pincers, seen as both a congenital hereditary form and acquired disease
• Dolichonychia or long nails in Marfan’s syndrome or hypopituitarism
• Brachyonychia refers to short narrow nails as seen in psoriatic arthropathy
• Parrot beak nails seen in some cases of scleroderma

Nail Changes in Systemic Disease

Allergic or autoimmune conditions may present with nail changes such as pitting in psoriasis or splinter hemorrhages in bacterial endocarditis, or altered shapes, including the koilonychia (spoon-shaped concave nails) of iron-deficiency anemia. Beau’s lines are transverse depressions that occur following severe illness, malnutrition, chemotherapy or nail injury, besides several other conditions. Clubbing may occur in lung disease.

Congenital Nail Anomalies

Nails may be malformed or absent in the nail-patella syndrome.

Tumors of the Nail bed

Subungual melanomas and other skin cancers may occur under the nail.

Toxic Changes

Symptoms of some poisons manifest as nail changes. For instance, arsenic produces white lines, while silver toxicity may produce a bluish tinge.

References

• https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/nails-fingernail-and-toenail-problems
• https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003247.htm
• http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0315/p1417.html
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375768/